Scott Best, Senior Director of Anti-Tamper Technology at Rambus, discusses the security challenges associated with AI chips and their growing deployment at the edge. Best highlights the similarities between AI chips and FPGAs, particularly in their vulnerability to attacks on valuable firmware assets, such as neural net models and RTL. He explores the importance of securing firmware from tampering and theft, emphasizing the need for encryption and authenticity verification. Best also delves into the rising threats posed by side-channel attacks like Differential Power Analysis (DPA) and offers novel solutions such as key hash chaining to protect firmware while maintaining boot efficiency. He concludes by discussing emerging risks, including neural net model extraction, and suggests tailored countermeasures to safeguard AI architectures from these attacks.
Search Results for: DPA countermeasures
AES-IP-3X SCA Resistant AES Accelerator Family
AES-IP-3X SCA Resistant AES Accelerator Family
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The Rambus SCA-resistant AES-IP-3X family of crypto accelerator cores provide semiconductor manufacturers with superior AES cipher acceleration. The cores are easily integrated into ASIC/SoC and FPGA devices and offer a high-level of resistance to various Side Channel Attacks like Differential Power Analysis (DPA), and optionally offer detection of Fault Injection Attacks (FIA).
How the AES-IP-3X Family works
The SCA-resistant AES-IP-3X cores perform AES encryption with SCA countermeasures using only 1 clock cycle (or 2 or 8 clock cycles for smaller configurations) per AES round, outperforming any existing solution. The cores support SCA- and FIA-resistant AES encryption and decryption in any AES mode, with 128-, 192- or 256-bit keys. The AES-IP cores implement so called double-size wide-bus interfaces (to carry two DPA shares for each protected input and output bus) and include key input, entropy data input, IV input, cipher data input, and cipher data output buses.
The unique AES cores implement highly-efficient digital SPA, DPA, CPA, DEMA, CEMA and perform at 1, 2 or 8 cycles per AES round. The fastest Rambus AES SCA protected core has no overhead comparing to regular unprotected cores, outperforming competing solutions by a factor of 2.
The countermeasures are extensively validated using Test Vector Leakage Assessment methodology and show no leakage beyond 100 million operations (or 10 for smaller configurations). This results in a core that is protected against side-channel attacks beyond 1 billion operations. The FIA-resistant core detects faults that are injected by, for example, lasers or EM pulses.
Solution Offerings
- Accelerates AES according to FIPS-197 supporting all key sizes
- NIST SP 800-38A: Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation
- NIST SP 800-38B Block Cipher with Cipher-based Message Authentication Code (CMAC)
- NIST SP 800-38C Block Cipher with Counter with Cipher Block Chaining-Message Authentication Code (CCM)
- NIST SP 800-38D Block Cipher with Galois/Counter Mode (GCM)
- NIST SP 800-38E XEX-based tweaked-codebook (XTS)
- Common Criteria v3.1 ISO/IEC 15408-1/-2/-3, certificate CC-22-0397779 2022-07-29, EAL4+ AVA_VAN.5, ALC_DVS.2, ATE_DPT.2
- SCA Test Vector Leakage Assessment shows no leakage beyond 100 million operations
Complete Documentation
- Integration guide
- Reference manual
RTL Package
- Verilog RTL for synthesis and simulation
- Standard EDA tool flow scripts and support files
- Verification test bench and test vectors
Protecting Data and Devices Now and in the Quantum Computing Era
Quantum computing is being pursued across industry, government and academia with tremendous energy and is set to become a reality in the not-so-distant future. Once sufficiently large quantum computers exist, traditional asymmetric cryptographic methods for key exchange and digital signatures will be broken. Many initiatives have been launched throughout the world to develop and deploy new quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms, known as Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC).
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IME-IP-341 Inline Memory Encryption Engine
IME-IP-341 Inline Memory Encryption Engine
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IThe Rambus IME-IP-341 is an SoC-ready, in-line memory encryption engine using AES/SM4 ciphers with XTS/ECB/Bypass as modes of operation. It incorporates multi-stream, multi-algorithm support required for supporting multiple virtual machines (e.g., Realms in ARMv9). It supports configurable protection of different memory regions (up to 32) with separate individual keys mapping to individual regions (e.g., PAS in MPE ARMv9).
The IME-IP-341 provides (optional) protection against power-analysis side-channel attacks by incorporating Differential Power Analysis (DPA) countermeasures within the cipher primitives. Additionally, Datapath Integrity (DI) using ECC based SRAMs with (optional) parity protection in the cipher datapath provides robustness against random errors, ensuring operation under stringent operating conditions in advanced technology nodes. For CMVP certification IME-IP-341 uses a CAVP certified cipher engine and (optional) built in known answer self-test (KAT).
How the IME-IP-341 Engine Works
The Rambus IME-IP-341 is an inline memory encryption engine for protection of off-chip memory. The programming for the security attributes and keys per region is programmed by a dedicated AMBA interface towards trusted subsystem. At the start, different memory regions (up to 32) can be programmed as per different security policies of the system.
Once the IP is programmed and initialized, it acts as a transparent datapath engine between the SoC bus and DDR controller. It also includes functionality to convert an encryption key into its equivalent decryption. Zeroization, and startup behavior is supported in compliance with MPE engine requirements for ARMv9. The IME-IP-341 supports programmable sector size (default is 64B, same as a typical cache line width and a typical DDR burst size).
Solution Offerings
- 128/512-bit (16-byte) encryption and decryption per clock cycle throughput
- Bidirectional design including separate crypto channels for read and write requests, ensuring non-blocking Read
- Read-modify-write supporting narrow burst access.
- Zeroization and support for memory initialization
- Latency: <28 clock cycles for unloaded READ
- AMBA AXI4 complaint 128/512-bit data and 32-bit address channel interface (for Master and Slave integration)
- AMBA APB complaint 32-bit control interface
- Interrupts and internal buffer status flags
- Debug and internal errors
- ECC protection for internal SRAMs
- Zeroization and reset
- CAVP certified AES-XTS crypto core
- FIPS-197, IEEE-P1619/D16, FIPS 140-3 and NIST-SP800-38 standards
- Packages
- Documentation
- Tools and scripts
- Integration support
Secure Networking Basics: MACsec, IPsec, and SSL/TLS/DTLS
The MACsec, IPsec and SSL/TLS/DTLS protocols are the primary means of securing data in motion (communicated between connected devices). These protocols can be anchored in hardware or implemented in software as part of an end-to-end security architecture. This white paper provides fundamental information on each of these protocols including their interrelationships and use cases.
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Silicon IP
Silicon IP
High-performance interface and certified security solutions engineered for your success
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With a rich history of innovation spanning over three decades in delivering state-of-the-art Silicon IP solutions, our commitment to support our customers from concept to launch sets us apart. Our trusted expertise, unwavering support, and reliable products empower our customers to accelerate their time to market while minimizing risk and maximizing success.
Our portfolio of Silicon IP solutions includes a broad array of high-performance interface and certified security solutions to meet the stringent demands of emerging applications.
Product Families
Interface IP
Our state-of-the-art interconnect and memory interface IP consists of digital controller IP for PCIe®, CXL®, HBM, GDDR and DDR standards. We also offer digital controller IP for the LPDDR and MIPI® standards, as well as a suite of Video Compression and Forward Error Correction IP.
Security IP
Our security IP protects hardware and data at rest, in motion and in use for a broad range of applications from data center to IoT. We offer certified security IP solutions tailored to meet the requirements of industry and government standards.
Explore Our IP Catalog
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News
Rambus Safeguards Accelerated Computing with FPGA-targeted Security IP
Highlights:
- Bring FPGAs with a state-of-the-art offering of security IP products
- Secures the broad range of FPGAs from high-performance accelerators to low-power, lightweight devices
- Supports FPGAs serving applications for the Data Center, Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning, Edge, IoT, Defense, and more
SAN JOSE, Calif. – Aug. 22, 2023 – Rambus Inc. (NASDAQ: RMBS), a premier chip and silicon IP provider making data faster and safer, today announced a full suite of Security IP solutions for the FPGA market with state-of-the-art cryptographic, side-channel, and Quantum Safe protections. Designed to meet the unique needs of FPGAs, the offering secures the broad range of devices from high-performance accelerators for generative AI, to low-power solutions for IoT devices. Rambus security IP protects FPGAs serving applications in the Data Center, AI/ML, Edge, IoT, Defense, and beyond.
“As customer demand for security continues to accelerate, Rambus is dedicated to providing state-of-the-art security IP for the broad range of applications increasingly enabled by FPGAs,” said Neeraj Paliwal, general manager of Security IP at Rambus. “Our security IP solutions safeguard these FPGA devices now and in the future with Quantum Safe protection from PQC attacks.”
“In the increasingly distributed and accelerator-based computing architectures enabled by Intel FPGAs, it is mission critical to secure data and devices against today’s threats and those that arise with the advent of quantum computing,” said Premal Buch, vice president and general manager of Programmable Solutions at Intel. “We’re pleased to see Rambus offer security IP solutions tailored to FPGAs powering the growing landscape of accelerated computing.”
As part of the industry-leading portfolio, Rambus offers advanced FPGA targeted security IP products including root of trust, 800G MACsec, IPsec, classic and quantum safe public key encryption solutions. Leveraging pioneering work in differential power analysis (DPA) and fault injection attack (FIA) countermeasures, Rambus security IP delivers the highest levels of protection available against both cryptographic and side-channel attacks. With new Quantum Safe security IP products, Rambus futureproofs the protection of FPGAs for the coming Post Quantum Cryptography (PQC) era.
For more information about Rambus Security IP, please visit www.rambus.com/security.
RT-66x Programmable Root of Trust
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The Rambus RT-66x Root of Trust IP are fully programmable, FIPS 140-3 compliant (or certified for the RT-660F) hardware security anti-tamper cores offering security by design for data center and other highly-secure applications. The RT-660 protects against a wide range of hardware and software attacks with state-of-the-art anti-tamper security techniques. The RT-660 is a security co-processor, built on a custom-designed 32-bit RISC-V architecture, along with dedicated secure memories.
The RT-660 offers superior anti-tamper attack protection through the implementation of Differential Power Analysis (DPA) countermeasures and state-of-the-art fault injection attack (FIA) protections. The RT-660 implements DPA and FIA protected AES, RSA, and ECC cryptographic accelerator cores. The RT-660 provides hardware implementations of a NIST SP800-90a/b/c compliant TRNG (true random number generator), Public Key Engine (RSA up to 8192 bits and ECC up to 521 bits), AES (all modes), HMAC and SHA-2/-3 crypto accelerators.
The RT-661 adds the OSCCA SM2/3/4 Chinese cryptographic accelerators. The RT-664 takes the robust feature set of the RT-660 and adds a Quantum Safe Engine with FIPS 203 ML-KEM (CRYSTALS-Kyber) and FIPS 204 ML-DSA (CRYSTALS-Dilithium), as well as XMSS and LMS stateful hash acceleration, to safeguard against quantum computer attacks.
The RT-66x IP are the ideal choice for chip and system architects designing FPGA and ASIC solutions for applications requiring the highest level of security.
RT-600 Root of Trust Series A New Generation of Security Anchored in Hardware
This latest generation of the Rambus RT-600 Root of Trust IP offers many new features designed to support the security needs of customers today and into the future. These features include Quantum Safe Cryptography, Caliptra Root of Trust for Measurement (RoTM) emulation, an embedded physical unclonable function (PUF), as well as many architectural improvements, such as larger memory space and 64-bit addressing support.
How the Root of Trust Works
While built upon a RISC-V architecture, the RT-660 RISC-V CPU is a custom implementation designed specifically for security use cases. Rambus employed over 20 years of device security experience to build a security co-processor providing the highest levels of siloed and layered security. The RT-660 is designed for integration into government ASICs and FPGAs, offering secure execution of authenticated user applications, tamper detection and protection, and secure storage and handling of keys and security assets.
The Root of Trust offers a siloed approach to security. While located on the same silicon as the main processor, the secure processing core is physically separated. A layered security approach enforces access to crypto modules, memory ranges, I/O pins, and other resources, and assures critical keys are available through hardware only with no access by software. The Rambus Root of Trust RT-660 supports all commonly deployed host SoC processor architectures, including ARM, RISC-V, x86 and others.
The Rambus Root of Trust supports multi-tenant deployments by offering true multiple root of trust capabilities. Each individual Secure Application can be assigned its own unique keys, meaning permissions and access levels are set completely independent of others. Secure Applications are siloed from each other, ensuring the best approach to security. OEMs can determine access levels and permissions for each and all processes operating within the secure processor.
Dedicated FPGA Configuration
The RT-660 is available in an FPGA configuration for synthesis in programmable logic. This configuration is designed to map optimally (for maximum utilization and frequency) into an FPGA fabric and connect either to on-board or external CPUs. In addition, the RT-660 is expanded with an additional OTP emulation model to overcome the lack of (or limitation of) true nonvolatile one-time programmable memory in certain FPGA families. This module allows storing secure assets in external flash in a secure way.
Secure Applications
Included with the RT-66x Hardware Root of Trust IP are a series of standard secure applications (“containers”) to speed development, including secure boot, identity management, HSM reference, and others. A container development kit (CSDK) is also included to allow the development of custom containers for specific use cases.
Rambus can optionally offer dedicated FIPS 140-3 support packages to its licensees that provide FIPS 140-3 related certification documentation, FIPS test scripts, and dedicated FIPS support.
Deep Anti-Tamper Experience
As the inventor and pioneer of DPA and an acknowledged leader in device security, Rambus is uniquely qualified to provide anti-tamper solutions for the most stringent requirements. Rambus technologies protect more than 9 billion chips per year, and as a US-based, independent company, Rambus has the experience and pedigree to be the solution provider of choice. Rambus has for more than 20 years supplied solutions for government and defense applications, including anti-tamper cores, software libraries, and testing workstations.
Protecting Data and Devices Now and in the Quantum Computing Era
Quantum computing is being pursued across industry, government and academia with tremendous energy and is set to become a reality in the not-so-distant future. Once sufficiently large quantum computers exist, traditional asymmetric cryptographic methods for key exchange and digital signatures will be broken. Many initiatives have been launched throughout the world to develop and deploy new quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms, known as Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC).
Solution Offerings
Superior Security
- Hardware Root of Trust employing a custom 32-bit RISC-V processor
- Multi-layered security model provides protection of all components in the core
- NIST CAVP and CMVP compliant for FIPS 140-3 validation
- FIPS 140-3 CMVP Level 2 certified (RT-660F)
- State-of-the-art anti tamper techniques
- DPA-resistant cryptographic accelerators
- FIA-protected cryptographic accelerators
- Caliptra* Root of Trust for Measurement with DICE and X.509 support option
- TRNG and PUF entropy sources
- Quantum Safe Engine (QSE)
- Secure lifecycle management
- Secure provisioning with Rambus CryptoManager Root Server (CMRS)
* This is an unofficial implementation of the Caliptra specification. It is not Caliptra certified.
Enhanced Flexibility
- 3rd-party applications run securely within trusted boundary, each with its own assigned security permissions
- Complete development environment allows OEMs and users to easily develop secure applications (”containers”); standard use case application containers provided
- Support for secure provisioning of keys and firmware at manufacturing or in the field
- Support for multiple roots of trust within a single secure core
- Secure applications can be assigned unique keys, allowing independent permissions and access levels
Security Models
- Hierarchical privilege
- Secure key management policy
- Hardware-enforced isolation/access control/protection
- Error management policy
Cryptographic Accelerators
- RT-660F: NIST CMVP certified. NIST CAVP hardware cryptographic accelerators, including AES (all modes), HMAC, SHA-2/3 (all modes), RSA up to 4096 or 8192 bits, ECC up to 521 bits, and a SP800-90A/B Certified TRNG
- RT-660: As per RT-660F + LMS and XMSS hash-based signature schemes, SHAKE XOF, NIST CMVP compliant signature schemes, and SHAKE XOF
- RT-661: As per RT-660 + Chinese Encryption with OSCCA SM2/3/4
- RT-662 As per RT-660 + IoT Encryption with ChaCha20/Poly1305
- RT-664: As per RT-660 + Quantum Safe Engine with ML-KEM (CRYSTALS-Kyber) and ML-DSA (CRYSTALS-Dilithium)
Security Modules
- Canary logic for protection against glitching and overclocking
- Secure key derivation and key transport
- Life cycle management
- Secure test and debug
- Feature management
Complete Documentation
- Integration guides
- Reference manuals
- Programming guides
RTL and FW Package
- Verilog RTL for synthesis and simulation
- Standard EDA tool flow scripts and support files
- Verification test bench and test vectors
- Boot loaders and secure RTOS and security monitor firmware
- HLOS APIs for accessing RT-66x capabilities
SW SDK Package
- SDK including the development environment, complete emulation with debugging capabilities of the RISC-V and crypto cores on QEMU
- One-step install emulation with multiple samples and reference code to help customers kickstart their secure application development
FIPS 140-3 Support Package (Optional)
- FIPS 140-3 test scripts
- FIPS 140-3 related certification documentation
- FIPS 140-3 support
Secure Applications
| Secure Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Linux Secure Boot | Implements secure boot for Linux OS, secured by the Root of Trust co-processor |
| Linux Secure FOTA | Implements secure Firmware Over the Air (FOTA) updates for Linux OS |
| Secure Boot | Uses the Root of Trust co-processor to assist in the secure boot process of ASICs and FPGAs |
| Secure Data Storage | Uses the Root of Trust co-processor to protect user credentials or biometric templates |
| Open SSL Hardening | Hardens the OpenSSL crypto operations via the Root of Trust secure co-processor |
| Reference HSM | Implements a basic HSM supporting AES, HMAC, SHA256, ECDSA, X.509 certificates and secure storage |
| Unique ID Generator | Creates a Root of Trust unique ID and stores it in the Root of Trust NVM (Non Volatile Memory) |
Resources
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